EVOLUTION OF INTERNET
EVOLUTION
The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected
network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of
local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and
optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of
the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
The origins of the Internet date back
to research commissioned by the federal government of the United
States in the 1960s to build robust,
fault-tolerant communication with computer networks.[1]
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The
primary precursor network, the ARPANET,
initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and
military networks in the 1980s. The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as
a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial
extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking
technologies, and the merger of many networks.[2] The
linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marked the
beginning of the transition to the modern Internet,[3] and
generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were
connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since
the 1980s, commercialization incorporated
its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.
Most traditional communication media,
including telephony, radio, television, paper mail and newspapers are reshaped,
redefined, or even bypassed by the Internet, giving birth to new services such
as email, Internet telephony, Internet television, online music,
digital newspapers, and video streaming websites.
Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology,
or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and
online news aggregators.
The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions
through instant
messaging, Internet forums,
and social networking. Online shopping has grown
exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs,
as it enables firms to extend their "brick and mortar"
presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and
services entirely online. Business-to-business and financial services on the
Internet affect supply chains across
entire industries.
The
Internet has no single centralized governance in either technological
implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets
its own policies.[4] The
overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in
the Internet, the Internet
Protocol address (IP address) space and the Domain Name System (DNS),
are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an
activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),
a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that
anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.[5] In
November 2006, the Internet was included on USA Today's
list of New Seven Wonders
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